In modern times when the demand for geoinformatics is constantly increasing, the necessity of revising and updating the cartographic backgrounds (aerial photography, orthphotography, satellite imagery), from which each geoinformation is derived, is considered imperative. The various public bodies involved in the export and processing of geo-information [Hellenic Military Geographic Service (HMGS), Hellenic Cadastre, Payment and Control Agency for Guidance and Guarantee Community Aid (OPEKEPE), etc.], make efforts to regularly update their backgrounds for the purpose of best serving citizens' demands.

HMGS has been in the aerial photography since 1938 and has supplied IKONOS satellite images 2007-08 under the 3rd CSF. Furthermore, it is updating its aerial photography background by performing aerial photography missions on an annual basis, making every effort to make the most of its aerial photography hours.

In addition, since the 1980’s, HMGS has procured and processed multispectral panchromatic Landsat images. Also, in 1995-96 the first map of 1:50.000 scale, exclusively from satellite images was produced and since the 2000’s the use of satellite imagery for map production has been more systematically adopted.

The “Hellenic Cadastre" has carried out the LSO/VLSO projects for the years 2007-09, LSO25 for the years 2014-2016 and intends to update the background of the Greek area over three years, beginning after 2021.

OPEKEPE annually updates the backgrounds it uses to perform cropland inspections, while a project is under way to update the background of all Greek area in the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) operated by the Organization.

The great importance of revising national backgrounds makes it imperative that coordinated efforts should be made to consolidate a regular updating process, properly designed from the beginning to encompass overall national needs and avoid future failures.

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The Hellenic Armed Forces, through the HMGS, are often called upon to support geospatially the civil management and planning in cases of natural disasters. HMGS from the 1990-2000 decade carries out aerial photography and produces geospatial products for natural disasters, mainly forest fires, quickly, consistently and accurately.

Forest fires are wide ranged natural disasters which people are not yet able to control. In Greece the problem is intense and at times we have faced extreme circumstances (as for example in 1997,1998 in the Seich-Sou forest -Thessaloniki, 2008 in Peloponnese, 2009 North-East Attica, 2018 Mati Attica).

Forest fires are one of the most important phenomena that threaten our forests, destroying every year critical ecosystems and lands of high social value. The destructiveness of the forest fires lies first on the increase of their recurrence and intensity and then on the defective safeguarding of the natural regeneration and land usage processes. The fight against forest fires is a specialized issue which requires expertise and education as well as integrated planning and excellent organization.

Therefore, HMGS role is two-dimensional. Initially the timely imprint of the areas affected as promptly as possible, the following hours or days from the start of the fire, the exact location of its boundaries and their follow-on usage by the competent authorities of civil protection and/or the implementation of legislative arrangements. At the same time, the processing and production of orthophoto maps of the burnt areas, which are geospatial accuracy instruments with measuring value as the map, provides further the capability of direct visualization/imprint of the destruction.

Aerial photo missions have started in 1992 with the great forest fire in Eastern Attica and then followed respective aerial photos in the entire Greek territory up to date. All these years, HMGS has provided promptly orthophoto maps of the fire-damaged areas of Greece as support to the Army and the competent authorities of civil protection.

You can watch archive footage with HMGS contribution in critical periods, in the following link: HMGS contribution

One of the most important information on maps is the toponyms. At the same time, it is very important that maps for international use should contain only the official toponyms. The catalogue with all the toponyms of a country together with other relevant information is called Gazetteer. The Greek Gazetteer has been developed from the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) many years ago.

Until now the Gazetteer published by HMGS is accepted by everyone and “de facto” is considered the official Gazetteer of Greece. The official Greek Gazetteer must be updated with data from other public services and independent authorities, such as the Hellenic Statistical Authority for residential places, the Ministry of Interior for the renaming of toponyms and the Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service for the names of Islets, maritime and other coastal areas. The new updated Gazetteer then must be approved and ratified from the Hellenic Parliament.

The names on maps intended for international use must be written in such a way that they can be read by anyone who do not speak Greek. The names in these cases are "transliterated" using characters from the Latin alphabet. The transcription process has to be based on rules that are unique, complete and reversible. The system proposed by the Greeks and Cypriots for the transcription of the Greek alphabet and has been adopted by the UN is the ELOT 743 Standard.

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Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) has established and measured the national triangulation network consisting of 26.000 pillars all over Greece which constitute the geodetic infrastructure of the country. Angle and distance measurements that held by HMGS through the years have been used after adjustment for the state reference frame which materializes the current Hellenic Geodetic Reference System of 1987 (HGRS87). The above system is a static one and is in use since1989 after the decision of the State Geodetic and Geophysic Committee. Through the years especially in the era of satellite systems many GNSS networks have been established. The latest such network materialized by HMGS is ongoing and covers until now more than the 2/3 of the country. It is referenced by IGS permanent stations and consists a local realization of ITRF2008. Firstly, this gives the opportunity to calculate a transformation between the two systems and a statistical analysis of the residuals lead to intermediate conclusions. After that and in conjunction with existing past transformations, tectonic deformations and their directions are concluded. Moreover, past GPS observations on the same pillars in compare to the newer ones give also a sense of tectonic changes. Greece is one of the most tectonic active countries in Europe and the adoption of contemporary dynamic or semi-dynamic coordinate system is a necessity as it should incorporates a deformation model like 3d velocities on the realization frame. The detection of geodynamic changes is a continuous need and should be taken into consideration per each epoch.

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Under its mandate as the National Cartographic Service, The Hellenic Military Geographical Service actively participates in National, European and International framework programmes / plans under the United Nations, NATO and the European Union, in order to constantly keep up to date on relevant developments in its areas of action, and in defending national interests in the same field. More specifically, the Hellenic Military Geographical Service participates in the Multinational Geospatial Co-production Program. The Program focuses on producing an 1:50.000 or 1:100.000 scale digital geoinformation database in areas of interest where no sufficient geospatial data exists. The Service is in charge of producing 12 cells in the Western Balkans, and the whole process is completed in-house by the scientific personnel technically trained in GIS and Photo Interpretation. The primary aim of this study is to serve as an outline of the MGCP program, and in turn to present in detail the stages of collecting, storing, and controlling the generated data. In more detail, this study will examine the data exporting specifications, the MGCP geodatabase schema, as well as the software and toolbars used for both data extraction and their quality control. Finally, the study will introduce the structure and procedures, from start to end, of the production line and of the final product, a cell of 1οΧ1ο dimensions.

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Geospatial support plays a key role in the prevention and immediate response, in cases of catastrophic events emergencies. Through the available remote sensing and geographical information systems tools, it is possible to collect, manage and effectively utilize geospatial data, as well as to produce suitable products, that provide a comprehensive view of the area of interest, during both the stage of preventive planning and that of the immediate response. Hellenic Armed Forces are often called upon to aid in cases of extensive catastrophes, providing personnel, machinery and various supplies. This involvement requires suitable geospatial support, for the correct planning and the effective coordination of the response. The demanding task of the geospatial support, constitutes a part of the mission of the Hellenic Military Geographical Service, which utilizes all available means and technologies towards that end. The full frame of geospatial support in crisis management, is being shaped in every country according to its unique needs and capabilities and is directly related with the available national resources to that end. It is based on the capability of timely imagery collection, which can derive from a network of national resources, like airplanes and remote sensing satellites (e.g. HELIOS program for Greece), but also through strategic collaborations with private satellite data vendors. In European Union level, geospatial support in crisis management has been centrally designed, standardized and applied, through COPERNICUS’ program Emergency Management Service (EMS), which is available to every country – member, providing coverage even to members that don’t possess similar national resources or technical how to. In the present Technical Report, the products that were produced for the geospatial support of the Armed Forces, during their involvement in the 13th August 2019 Evvoia wildfire are been presented.

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The aim of this thesis was to reveal the utility of the web services theory, in rationalizing and optimizing the use of military and non-military property, through the development of a Web GIS application, in order to assist the rational management of the military property. In the design phase, the requirements of the application were defined, and the desired architecture was chosen. During the development phase, a number of properly designed cartographic base maps were published as map services, to support not only of the decision making, but also the geometric processing of the system data, and to further enable the on-line transactions. Finally, the web application was published online, to be easily accessible.

The on-line management and editing approach of the military property is undoubtedly an innovative method, which hopes to be the trigger for the development of an integrated system, by a public organization in charge. Besides, the increasing demand for digital convergence requires the creation of such an application, oriented in the spatial dimension of the property, seeking for the optimized utilization of the military property.

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After the successful first production of the 1:500,000 scale map using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methods, the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) gradually adopted these methods as the sole mean of producing all scales. The result of this technological upgrade was the creation of the 1:50,000 scale map using GIS. This technical report describes the processes which are required for the aforementioned complete cartographic compilation. Briefly, the mapping production steps include data selection, compatibility checking with standard geospatial database and the final cartographic production in a single printed product.

Final compilation is implemented by the respective HMGS division and includes the surrounding elements, the reference system, data symbols and legend, cartographic generalization and topology. The basic geodetic systems used is WGS 84, ED50, their projection systems (UTM z34 and z35) and the Greek Grid projection system.

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In recent years, we have seen an explosion in geospatial – based services. Whether it is maps, vector data of any kind or cadastral/land registration data, geospatial information leads to applications that benefit us at a social, economic or environmental level. Yet, in the age of the “Internet of Things” and the abundance of data included within, how can anyone be sure about the quality of the source of the original data? And how easy is it to find accurate, reliable and detailed data that can be trusted? Knowing that such data exists, and where to obtain them, is essential for governments and decision-makers making critical decisions that affect all of us in our everyday life. As the official bodies responsible for geodetic surveying, mapping and cadastral/land registration, EuroGeographics members are the most suitable for providing definite, reliable and detailed geospatial information.

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Remote Sensing is an important science used today in the management of the environment. Natural ecosystems receive the environmental and socio-economic effects. The temporal monitoring of these effects offers significant advantages in controlling future actions. This study presents temporal geographical changes in the wider region of West Attica, with the use of data collected for two different periods (1945 and 2016). For the implementation of the survey the technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used and thematic maps showing changes were created. The results showed that the use of current technologies can be used for improving our knowledge about the characteristics, the status, trends and changes in and area.

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The subject of this report is the study of the determination of orthometric heights with the help of GPS measurements, gravitational spatial analysis and the use of local geoid models. Geoid local models are calculated by means of modern assay techniques, through the removal-restore techniques of the gravitational field components. Modern techniques, applied and compared, are considered to be the most representative for the precise and rapid determination of local geoid surfaces. The most accurate process of Fourier transforms, the one-dimensional (1-D) spherical fast transformation, is used. The determination of elevators is essentially divided into two parts: the GPS and geometric measurement section, and the geodetic surface modelling section. The final goal of the study is to improve the precision of determination of orthometric heights using modern technologies and a first attempt to apply the presented methodologies in Greece.

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Land cover / land use interpretation is still an art without a formal theory (Argialas & Mintzer 1992). A procedural framework for problem solving is missing and the books do not elaborate on the strategies needed to guide a novice to the process required for land use/land cover identification. There is, therefore, a need to methodically study the photointerpretation of land use/land cover reasoning process and, to better understand this process, develop a systematic framework for the photointerpretation of land use / land cover. A tool for representation of problem-solving process that has to do with knowledge and experience are expert systems (knowledge base). Expert systems represent the knowledge within production systems and offer methods and tools for representing both facts and problem-solving process within the production rules. Furthermore, expert systems can be used to formalize and program decision trees for the process of photointerpretation that is not described fully in the literature

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The Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) is a military and scientific organization with 130 years of service to the Armed Forces and the Hellenic society, ever since its establishment in 1889, by developing and maintaining the country’s geodetic and cartographic infrastructure. Nowadays, despite the severe luck of resources (personnel – funding), its highly qualified scientific and technical staff produces and disseminates a plethora of geographical and geospatial products, both printed and digital, in support of national defence and other institutions. In this context, HMGS is actively pursuing its participation in both national and international funding projects, in order to upgrade its infrastructure and the services it provides.

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Altitude information and knowledge of an area's relief are information that helps to understand the morphological features of an area. One of the most common means of altitude visualization informatics is the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which is essentially a digital representation of physical earth surface that approaches reality. HMGS, as the official cartographic service in the country, has a long and historic route, as far as participation in cartographic programs is concerned. Indeed, a co-production cartographic program is one of the abovementioned programs. This program is related to the production of a 12-meter resolution DEM, with our country having undertaken to implement the Greek, Cypriot, West Balkan region and a small part of NE Asia. The whole process is implemented in modern photogrammetric stations equipped with specialized software for three-dimensional processing and imaging. Also, in the context of DEM production, each operator has at his disposal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery resulting from interferometry, as well as several other DEMs (for example ALOS, SRTM etc), which can help him in the editing, correction and control of the produced DEM. It is worth noting that the DEM construction passes through three separate quality control stages in order to meet the stringent technical specifications set in the program. Upon completion of the final product, it is stored from the production country. Also, the final product can be reclaimed by any co-producing country, under certain conditions and constraints that stems from the MOU, which is signed upon the agreement of any member in the program.

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In modern times the demands on various forms of geo-information are constantly increasing. However, in order for a geo-information to be useful, it must be up to date, since otherwise it is not usable and, on the other hand, it does not serve the purpose for which it was produced. A form of visualized geo-information is also the map (analog or digital), providing quite a great number of information. HMGS, as the official cartographic services of the country, has a long track record in the production of maps and related cartographic products serving the Armed Forces, the governmental organizations, so the technical and scientific society and citizens of Greece. One of the various HMGS participations in cartographic programs and partnerships, with other stakeholders, is the participation in an international cognitive mapping program which produces maps of West Balkans. This program relates to the production of digital maps of various regions around the world, with our country having undertaken to implement the project stemming from its obligations to the program. The whole process is implemented in modern cartographic stations that are equipped with Geographic Information Systems, known as GIS software. Also, in the context of producing map’s final version, each operator digitizes a variety of thematic levels, having digital backgrounds of Satellite Images of recent downloads and a variety of multiple information and "tools". It is worth noting that the construction of each map passes through three separate quality control stages in order to meet the stringent technical specifications set. Finally, upon completion of the final cartographic product, it is stored in a central online warehouse and is used by all co-producing countries under certain conditions and constraints.

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In the context of the promotion of historical experiential tourism, the preservation and promotion of Fortresses as cultural monuments, the Topographic Army Squadron, a military unit of Hellenic Military Geographical Service, compose a Surveying department with the task of topographic mapping and the exact definition at the coordination system Greek Grid of the borders of the eleven (11) out of the Bulgarian frontier and more precisely at Drama prefecture. Topograghic work took place in November 2017 This Technical Sheet initially mentions the history of the Fortress construction, the instruments used and the way they were mapping by the Surveying department of Topographic Army Squadron, while they are presented for each of the Fortress features and technical details, along with images of the execution of the works and the Topographic Charts which were drafted. An interesting reference is the three- "Agios Nikolaos", using only one integrated geodetic station.

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Since 2009, HMGS has designed, developed and implemented an Integrated Information System (IIS) for the dissemination of all pertinent geographic information to the public, as well as both public and private institutions. Successful completion relied upon the adaptation of current e-shop technologies and practices. HMGS's objective was to deliver accurate, precise, real-time information on all available, distinct Geospatial Materials and allow for directory browsing, product selection and purchase. Sales and inventory monitoring resulted in improved production capacity and efficiency. The IIS implementation has proven to be an important aid to leadership. Management practices reflect upon performance and are appropriately fine-tuned to support continuous improvement and innovation, and hence foster effective relations with the stakeholders. Furthermore, the IIS allows for clear vision and proactive planning, since data analytics offer insights on the present and future needs of stakeholders and drive resource allocation. Efficient allocation of human resources helped identify, develop and exploit people's competencies, provide fairness of treatment, open dialogue and support their well-being. Resource management transparency, financial and otherwise, is now evident and well communicated across and downward. Knowledge diffusion among personnel became the standard and new technologies and processes are introduced in an appropriate manner with special regard to people’s skills and needs. The ISS signified a step forward towards HMGS’s growth and innovation process, improving the quality of all offered services and products involving stakeholders. The Common Assessment Framework exemplified and rewarded the organization’s best practices, and thus introduced a culture of excellence. In order to maintain high standards, an action plan was developed and is currently under implementation. For HMGS, meeting budget and financial goals is a major priority. Reliable data, systematically and progressively collected and managed, is a key factor for performance improvement. Hence, it is of utmost importance for HMGS to employ a Total Quality Management Tool that allows for consistent measurement of customer's and employee's contentment and work on increasing the results, as well as ensure positive work environments and encourage personnel to participate in a consistent way in training activities’ assessments.

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An important mission of the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) is the provision of Geographical products to legal and natural persons (Article 13 of Ν.3257, 2004). For the easy-to use product searches and ordering, the new Geo Index was developed in 2017. The said application was designed based on the state-of-the-art web technologies, which adopted the SOA architecture (Service Oriented Architecture). The new Geo-Index supports upgraded web services for search, sorting and previewing of products providing a user-friendly interface and the ability to integrate a variety of base maps from distributed resources. The architectural design of the new Geo-Index allows the easy-to-use integration of the available Geographic data and tools according to the user’s needs while also supporting search of the products using spatial and descriptive queries. Additionally, it provides new positioning capabilities based on geolocation, address, zip code, city name, and point of polygon uploaded in shapefile format. It is considered vital to achieve the interconnection with the existing e-shop as well as the footprints of the aerial photos to be produced so that the implementation and upgrade of the new Geo-index to be developed.

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The ‘Digital Interactive Map’ is an organized sum of spatial data and capabilities, composed safely to support the Armed Forces. It is accessed through suitable viewer software, distributed by HMGS. As an autonomous map, it does not require access to any network. In a Windows environment, it offers capabilities far more important than the basic map viewing. By providing part of the geographic data and capabilities hosted in the military WebGIS application called ‘Eratosthenes’, Digital Interactive Map enables geospatial support when network connection is lost and when network infrastructure is inadequate or inaccessible. It also extends the reach of geospatial support to the lower chains of Command.

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In the past few years there is a continuous increase of WebGIS applications that aim to cover the spatial needs of ‘simple’ users, meaning users without any special skill in Geographic Information Science. One of the capabilities provided to the user is that of ‘map composition’, where the user chooses which layers of spatial information will be present on the map. Considering a relevant webGIS application developed by the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS), we emphasise web mapping composition issues (restrictions, adjustments, parameters, etc). In order to provide geographic support even in cases of restricted or no access to a network, we additionally discuss capabilities and deficiencies of map composition through two offline HMGS products, which are accessible to the final ‘simple’ user through free software (Adobe Reader and ESRI ArcReader respectively).

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Greek Borders between Greece – Albania, Greece – Bulgaria, Greece – FYROM and Greece – Turkey, cover a total distance of 1249 Km. West to East, borders span from Ftelias bay in the Ionean sea, to the delta of Evros river. They include about 277km of river borders, 26 Km lake borders and 846 terrain borders. All of above types of borders are called land borders. The most important peace treaties, that determinate the Greek Borders are the Peace treaty of London (1913) that established the Greek – Albanian Border, the Peace Treaty of Neuilly sur Seine (1919) that established the Greek – FYROM and Greek – Bulgarian borders and the Peace treaty of Lozan (1923) that established the Greek – Turkish Borders. Beyond the above treaties, there are numerous of protocols and agreements that define the Greek borders and that constitute the formal technical documentation. HMGS has migrated these coordinates to a modern international geodetic system. The border line at ground level can be easily specified at the Greek – Bulgarian and Greek – FYROM Borders, while it is quite difficult, due to poor technical documentation, at the Greek – Albanian and Greek – Turkish borders.

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An important mission of the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) is the provision of Geographical products to organizations and individuals (Article 13 of Ν.3257, 2004). In the context of modernizing the services offered to the public and celebrating the 130th anniversary of its establishment, a new and renewed site is launched in 2019, focusing on the easy interaction of the public with the HMGS and the services it offers. Its design supports state-of-the-art web technologies to make the site user-friendly and accessible with any kind of device, without issues. The new site was created with a different philosophy from the previous one and, for the first time, HMGS is presented in full to the public. The new site contains HMGS’ full history and structure, field operations, services offered, work, events and publications. It also allows the user to navigate virtually in the museum's premises and offers information on some of their most important exhibits. Finally, the site provides access to the new Geo-Index that supports upgraded network services for search, sorting and previewing of products in a user-friendly environment and provides the ability to view basic satellite and topographic backgrounds from distributed sources.

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The Map is a scaled graphic representation, illustrating earth's surface. The Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) produces maps covering the entire Greek territory for use mainly by the Greek Army as well as the public sector and civilians. In 2016 HMGS started to gradually implement the exclusive use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the editing – review of the maps produced. The first map produced entirely through this procedure, is the map scaled. The methodology applied for generating and editing data and for the map compilation and design is based exclusively on GIS techniques. This map is designed to provide general topographic information and could be used as a valuable tool for implementing small-scale spatial planning or environmental studies and on the other hand it is suitable for staff planning, as a route map and as a base map for logistic operations. The map includes basic thematic layers, such as transportation network (road – railway), hydrological network, populated places and elevation data. The attempt to produce this map through the use of GIS techniques was successfully conducted and the result was absolutely satisfactory. The methodology applied will gradually replace the existing map production procedure for larger scales (1:50.000 & 1:250.000) by HMGS and the full exploitation of data to produce other products as well. The outcome of the implemented procedure at the first semester of 2018, was the production of ten (10) map sheets scaled 1:500.000, in digital and hard copy format.

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It is a fact that the Web has changed every aspect of our lives and has invaded all sectors, ranging from ordinary citizens to the state itself. The possibilities that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer lead to an increasing adaptation from national cartographic services, institutions and companies, that maintain, manage and disseminate geographic data and information. The original GIS model, previously a privilege of few, has now changed. The demand for access to geographic data, as well as for processing and analyzing geographical information, is becoming larger. Developments in information technology and networks give a new impetus to this sector. GIS could not remain apathetic to this development. Creating distributed geographic information systems that utilize internet technology is nowadays an ever-growing process. Tools for handling, storing, managing, retrieving and analyzing spatial data are combined with Internet technologies, using flexible architectures in conjunction with modern IT infrastructure. The result of these actions is reflected in applications that aim to meet the needs of users to access, process and analyze geospatial information through the Internet. Within this continuously changing field of developments, Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) organized and implemented a web client application that takes full advantage of their digital cartographic base maps and spatial databases, bearing in mind the effective support of the Greek Armed Forces. The developed application uses the application programming interface "ArcGIS JavaScript API", based on ESRI’s ArcGIS Server software, and incorporates multiple levels of operation, from viewing simple maps to executing spatial queries and solving complex analysis problems related to space. It is flexible, scalable and the implementation of its architecture can be adopted by other departments, agencies, and institutions that maintain, manage and disseminate geographic data. Since this application is used on a secured intranet, cartographic backgrounds and similar web services were created from scratch. Generally, however, cartographic services that are already available on the internet can be loaded, to be consumed by end-users.

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Traditionally, the transmission of geospatial information to users who have no knowledge of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a difficult and complex undertaking. While the need to disseminate GI is obvious, obstacles are the large file size, the lack of appropriate software, usage training etc. In order to enhance the Armed Forces access to digital geographic products, the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) developed a pilot program to create digital multi- layered vector - interactive map, in PDF format, so as to exploit key advantages (small size, familiarity to the user, merging several types of information, etc.). This product can be used by any public service, local government or anyone who does not have specialized - commercial GIS software (GIS) and GIS expertise. The aim of this work is the preparation and evaluation of the use of geospatial data, through their distribution in PDF format.

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The Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) is a military and scientific organization with 130 years of service to the Armed Forces and the Hellenic society, ever since its establishment in 1889, by developing and maintaining the country’s geodetic and cartographic infrastructure. Nowadays, despite the severe luck of resources (personnel – funding), its highly qualified scientific and technical staff produces and disseminates a plethora of geographical and geospatial products, both printed and digital, in support of national defence and other institutions. Furthermore, HMGS is participating in both national and international cartographic projects and fora, within the EU, NATO and other cartographic institutions, thus securing sovereignty and exercising geographic policy, while remaining current with state-of-the-art technologies.

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